Filtration Definition and Processes (Chemistry)

Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid. The term filtration applies whether the filter is mechanical, biological, or physical. The fluid that passes through the filter is called the filtrate. The filter medium may be a surface filter, which is a solid that traps solid particles, or a depth filter, which is a bed of material that traps the solid. Filtration is typically an imperfect process. Some fluid remains on the feed side of the filter or embedded in the filter media and some small solid particulates find their way through the filter. As a chemistry and engineering technique, there is always some lost product, whether its the liquid or solid being collected. Examples of Filtration While filtration is an important separation technique in a laboratory, its also common in everyday life. Brewing coffee involves passing hot water through the ground coffee and a filter. The liquid coffee is the filtrate. Steeping tea is much the same, whether you use a tea bag (paper filter) or tea ball (usually, a metal filter).The kidneys are an example of a biological filter. Blood is filtered by the glomerulus. Essential molecules are reabsorbed back into the blood.Air conditioners and many vacuum cleaners use HEPA filters to remove dust and pollen from the air.Many aquariums use filters containing fibers that capture particulates.Belt filters recover precious metals during mining.Water in an aquifer is relatively pure because it has been filtered through sand and permeable rock in the ground. Filtration Methods There are different types of filtration. Which method is used depends largely on whether the solid is a particulate (suspended) or dissolved in the fluid. General Filtration: The most basic form of filtration is using gravity to filter a mixture. The mixture is poured from above onto a filter medium  (e.g., filter paper) and gravity pulls the liquid down. The solid is left on the filter, while the liquid flows below it.Vacuum Filtration: A  Bà ¼chner flask and hose are used to create a vacuum to suck the fluid through the filter (usually with the aid of gravity). This greatly speeds the separation and can be used to dry the solid. A related technique uses a pump to form a pressure difference on both sides of the filter. Pump filters do not need to be vertical because gravity is not the source of the pressure difference on the sides of the filter.Cold Filtration: Cold filtration is used to quickly cool a solution, prompting the formation of small crystals. This is a method used when the solid is initially dissolved. A common method is to place the container with the solution in an ice bath prior to filtration.Hot Filtration: In hot filtration, the solution, filter, and funnel are heated to minimize crystal formation during filtration. Stemless funnels are useful because there is less surface area for crystal growth. This method is used when crystals would clog the funnel or prevent crystallization of the second component in a mixture. Sometimes filter aids are used to improve flow through a filter. Examples of filter aids are silica, diatomaceous earth, perlite, and cellulose. Filter aids may be placed on the filter prior to filtration or mixed with the liquid. The aids can help prevent the filter from clogging and can increase the porosity of the cake or feed into the filter. Filtration vs. Sieving A related separation technique is sieving. Sieving refers to use of a single mesh or perforated layer to retain large particles​ while allowing the passage of smaller ones. In contrast, during filtration, the filter is a lattice or has multiple layers. Fluids follow channels in the medium to pass through a filter. Alternatives to Filtration There are more effective separation methods than filtration for some applications. For example, for very small samples in which its important to collect the filtrate, the filter medium may soak up too much of the fluid. In other cases, too much of the solid can become trapped in the filter medium. Two other processes that can be used to separate solids from fluids are decantation and centrifugation. Centrifugation involves spinning a sample, which forces the heavier solid to the bottom of a container. In decantation, the fluid is siphoned or poured off of the solid after it has fallen out of solution. Decantation can be used following centrifugation or on its own.

A Career as a Sales Associate - 916 Words

Sports Retail Store I will be speaking of my first job working as a sales associate for a large corporate sports retailer (Sports Authority) I worked with employer for 3 years; during my employment I was in the company when they were acquired by an investment firm that changed the culture, brand, inventory management systems, employee training, and visual store setup to compete with its leading competition (Dicks Sporting Goods). The strategic mission for Sports Authority is to provide quality sporting goods to the budget minded consumer. Sports Authority implements itself in the sports retail community to make sure it has a vast quantity of goods; being known to have the lowest prices within the industry. They also have a strong customer focus, being that they strive in meeting the consumers’ needs by keeping current on current sport season trends. Primary focus during the acquisition change phase was to transition the sales floor layout; the store appearance from a barebones home-depot style setup changed over to a new department store layout. Reason for this change is that it was not appealing to female consumers to enter a home depot style sports store. Late pallet jacks and forklifts were normal on floor presence. Seasonal services also had changed; such as ski and snowboard repair and turning began being outsourced to local ski shops since the technical services where being dissolves to have more associates be on the floor focusing on customer service. This alsoShow MoreRelatedCase Study : On The Retention And Development Of Their Employees1516 Words   |  7 Pagesare the primary source for their associate department managers and department managers is their sales associate position, with 75 percent of their promotion coming from this source. In a review of the turnover data, the leadership team learned that they are losing a large number of good sales associates. The executives learned that a disproportionate number of good sales associates had left the organization. The exit interview data shows that the sales associates are leaving because they don’t feelRead MoreCareer Development1174 Words   |  5 Pagesto do. It enables us to create our life instead of letting life be somethi ng that just happens to us. Career interest continually changes in a person s life. By defining my career objective, possible career objectives for my future, taking an inventory in my current career attributes, and identifying what makes me happy and barriers to reaching my career goals, I will develop a five-year career development plan. When I was younger, I measured my success by how much money I made. More recentlyRead MoreWhat Qualifications Are Required For A Retail Sales Associate?828 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Qualifications Are Required to Be a Retail Sales Associate? Education There are no standard educational or experiential requirements for retail sales positions. However, many employers prefer candidates with at least a high school diploma. Positions involving the sale of more advanced or complex products may require a college degree. If you are interested a retail sales associate job as a first step in a sales career, consider pursuing a degree in business or marketing, as they are among theRead MoreEvaluating The Retention And Development Of Their Employees1201 Words   |  5 Pageslearned that a disproportionate number of good sales associates had left the organization. These sales associates could have been potentially strong candidates for the department manager and assistant department manager positions. Chern’s uses supervisor recommendations and structured interviews to promote about 75 percent of their sales associates to department managers and assistant department managers. In the exit interviews the sales associates indicated that they were leaving because they didn’tRead MoreCareer Of A Real Estate Broker1351 Words   |  6 PagesCAREER OF A REAL ESTATE BROKER Does a job advising others on one of the largest financial investments of their lifetime interest you? If so, working as a real estate agent/broker may be a profession to consider. A real estate broker’s primary responsibility is to facilitate the sale of property ethically and professionally. A real estate broker may also have agents working for them. When a broker is working directly with a buyer or seller, they have certain responsibilities to the client dependentRead MoreChern Case Study Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesKnowledge of Business, Math, StatisticsKnowledge of transaction software and hardware | 88 | The requirement is that each sales associate must have a minimum of a High School Diploma and a minimum of a year’s experience in the retail industry OR a college degree and In order to ensure that each sales associate is in synergy with Chern’s corporate goals, every sales associate will be hired and trained properly Job Rewards Matrix Reward | Amount | Differential | Stability | Appeal | Highly competitiveRead MoreThe Importance Of Planning For Success Through Meticulous Analysis1201 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Over the course of my career, I have had the privilege of working with several wonderful leaders, each of whom exemplified varying degrees of success operating in the four manager functions. As a young store manager, I learned the importance of planning for success through meticulous analysis of the current situation, in order to determine a realistic goal and the actions needed to reach that goal. Of course, all the planning in the world does no good, if a manager is unable to effectivelyRead MoreAnalyzing a Job1270 Words   |  6 Pagesproductivity measures. If the company is in need of meeting demands or increasing sales a new position may be needed to meet these demands. When a company such as Aflac needs associates to represent its company one would assume that either the company is in need of increasing its sales force in the community because of an increase in demand for insurance or the company must hire new faces to help promote on account of a decline in sales. When companies desire to hire during times of economic recessionRead MoreCorrelation Between Employee Motivation And Job Performance Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch has begun to highlight the impact that salespeople’s deliberate and intuitive judgments can have on sales outcomes. More recently, research studies evaluate both intuitive and deliberate information processing together, finding that salespeople who accurately perceive both processing styles more easily adapt to their customers’ desires (Locander, Mulki, and Weinberg 2014) and improve sales performance by more than 130% (Hall, Ahearne, and Sujan 2015). We contend this ability is directly tiedRead MoreBusiness Administration : Becoming A Leader1088 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Administration Being in business administration you ask yourself a lot of question. The first question you may ask is, was I born a leader? Then, what does a business administrator do? What career path can I take in business administration? Here is what you will need to do and take to get your degrees in business administration. Business administration is a wide field that incorporates types of management positions. Every position needs skilled administrators in order to succeed. Motivated

National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation

Question: Discuss about the National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation. Answer: Introduction: This unit is specially designed to aid the learners in identifying the several programs carried out by the Fred hallows foundations for preventing avoidable blindness in the developing countries. Learners of this unit will be benefitted as all the topics are briefly explained in this unit. History and background: Fred hollows foundation was founded by one of an eye surgeon of Australia named Fred Hollows on 3 September, 1992. This non-profit organization was formed with the aim of preventing avoidable blindness of people residing in developing countries of Australia, Asia, and Pacific. It carries out its operations in more than twenty nine developing countries (Wong, 2006). Basically the operating activities of this foundation are carried out by the local people and its profits are utilized for training diverse doctors and nurses. Apart from it, its profits are also utilized for providing latest technologies at affordable prices, with the aim of reducing the overall cost of eye health care in developing countries. Vision and objectives: The main objective of Fred hollows foundation is to put an end to an avoidable blindness and other eye disorders in indigenous Australia and other developing countries. One of the quotes written by Fred hollows Every eye is an eye describes the vision of this foundation. It actually means everybody whether they are rich or poor have a right to avail the better eye care facilities and so they should be treated equally. This foundation also aims at cutting down the cost of surgeries by making use of latest technologies and by providing proper training to doctors and nurses. Above all, it also aims at empowering poor communities in developing countries of Asia, Australia and pacific by providing medications and eye care education at affordable prices. Programs of Fred Hollows foundation: Fred hollows foundations have carried out diverse programs in about 29 countries of Asia, Africa and Australia. Programs in indigenous Australia: Foundation carries out diverse programs in Australia with the aim of providing high quality eye care services to indigenous Australia and Torres Strait islander communities (Moran, 2012). It is also continuously making efforts to remove the inequalities prevailing in health care services in Australia. It has also co-ordinated with its diverse partners and has taken diverse steps to provide treatment for cataract, diabetic retinopathy and trachoma at cheaper cost in Australia. Programs in Africa: Foundation do carries out diverse training programs in Africa with the aim of up surging the quality of eye care services. It has also taken efforts to improve the eye care services in Africa by making use of latest technologies. Programs in Asia: Fred hollows foundations have built intraocular lens factory in Asia, with the aim of reducing the overall cost of cataract surgeries. It has also carried out several programs, training, to up surge the quality of eye care services at village and district level (Tomyn et al. 2015) Memberships and donations at Fred Hollow Foundation: As it is said Together we can make a difference, Any organization can become a corporate partner for Fred hollow foundation by contributing services or by donating financial resources to the foundation. Some of the corporate partners of the foundation are HSBC, Agility Logistics, Black woods, Pwc and Spec savers. All the above partners are contributing in diverse ways to fulfill the objectives and the goals of the foundations. Apart from it, Individual donors can also contribute in the foundation activities by transferring amount in the bank account of foundation or by sending money order at the postal address of the foundation (Luu, 2009). Location and Contact details: Fred hollows foundation has its offices at diverse locations. Let us check out the contact details and addresses of Fred hollows foundation offices. Katherine Office: Katherine Training centre (Deet), 19, Second street Katherine NT, 0850 Australia. Phone no: +61889712193 Darwin office: Level 2, CASCOM MET, Building.NO. 13, Scaturchio St, Casuarina NT, 0810 Australia. Phone no: +61889201400 Brisbane Office: Suite 2A, 1st Floor, 85 Merthyr Road, New Farm QLD, 4005 Australia. Phone no: +617335877 United Kingdom Office: 12-15 Crawford Mews, York street, London, W1H 1LX, United Kingdom. Phone number: +4402072982340 Alice Springs Office: 4, Reg Harris Lane, 54 Todd Mall, Alice Springs NT, 0871 Australia. Phone number: +6188536448 Critical comments and personal reflection: Fred hollows foundation has contributed to humanity by empowering poor communities of developing countries through education and high quality eye care services. By interviewing one of the patients of hollow foundation named Rose, we were able to identify how foundation is changing the lives of people. Rose was suffering from cataract and so she was leading a life like a blind person. One day she visited Baragori hospital in south Kenya for treating her eyes. There she was operated by Dr. James Mania, who was trained by the Fred foundation. After surgery, Rose was able to see the world through its eyes (Hollows.org,,2016) This shows how a twenty minutes surgery changed the life of rose. There are millions of people in the world, who are able to avail high quality eye care services at affordable prices through Fred Hollows Foundations. Issues and challenges faced: As it is said No pain no gain in the same Fred hollows and DR. Ruit have to face several challenges in availing cataract lenses at affordable prices in Nepal. Both Dr. Fred hollows and Dr. Ruit have tried to convince the manufacturer companies of IOL lenses to cut down their prices but they have failed to do that. At last they took a decision to set the IOL factory in Kathmandu, with the aim of cutting off the cost of cataract surgery in Nepal and they were successful to manufacture the lenses at $5 in Nepal. Fred hollows have also need to face challenges in building up an eye lens factory in Eritrea (Africa). But as it is said Where there is a will, there is way and so after carrying out several promotional activities Fred hollows team was able to generate financial resources through donations and training programs for building lens factory in Africa (Hollows.org, 2016).Apart from it, though Fred hollows was suffering from cancer but he has contributed his services to the foundation till the last breath. Conclusion: Thus we can say that Fred Hollows foundation have not only provided visions to millions of people but have helped in eradicating inequalities in the health care services. Whether he is king or a poor, everybody is given the same treatment in this foundation. References Tomyn, A. J., Cummins R. A. Norrish, J. M. (2015). The subjective wellbeing of at-riskIndigenous and non-Indigenous Australian adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies. 16(4),813-837 National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO) (2014). About us.Retrieved from: https://www.naccho.org.au/about-us/ Cass, A., Cunningham, J., Snelling, P., Wang, Z., Hoy, W. (2004). Exploring the pathways leading fromdisadvantage to end-stage renal disease for Indigenous Australians. Social science medicine, 58(4),767-785. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00243-0 Hollows.org. (2016). International eye health charity organisation - Fred Hollows. [online] Available at: https://www.hollows.org/au/what-we-do/where-we-work/australia/indigenous-australia [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Hollows.org. (2016). Stories from people we've helped - Fred Hollows. [online] Available at: https://www.hollows.org/au/what-we-do/our-stories/simila-s-story [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Luu, S. (2009). Fred HollowsBetter Vision for All. World J Surg, 33(8), pp.1568-1569. Moran, D. (2012). 20years of The Fred Hollows Foundation. Med J Aust, 197(4), pp.244-245. Wong, T. (2006). Fred Hollows Lecture: Hypertensive retinopathy a journey from fundoscopy to digital imaging. Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 34(5), pp.397-400.

Recitatif By Toni Morrison Essays - Recitatif,

Recitatif By Toni Morrison Toni Morrison's essay, "Recitatif" is about two girls, Twyla and Roberta, who grow up in an orphanage because their mothers could not properly care for them. The underlying theme in "Recitatif" deals with racism. An interesting twist is the mystery of the girls' race. Leaving clues, but never stating whether Twyla or Roberta was black or white, Morrison makes it clear that the girls come from different ethnic backgrounds. At one point in the essay Twyla comments, "that we looked like salt and pepper." Due to the fact that the story is told in the first person, it seems natural for the reader to associate Twyla with himself/herself. "Recitatif" proves to be a noteworthy experiment, "toying" with the reader's emotions and effectively noting stereotypical races and their characteristics. Morrison never states the race of the girls for a purpose: to make the reader form his/her own opinion. The story begins with Twyla's mother dropping her off at the orphanage. There she met Roberta, who became her best friend, bonding because they were not real orphans with "beautiful dead parents in the sky." Instead of being "real" orphans, they were just abandoned kids whose mother's did not want them. Although the girls had few friends, their lives did not lack adventure. For example, they enjoyed spying on the big girls who liked to smoke and dance, and sadly got a laugh out of yelling mean things at Maggie, the woman who couldn't defend herself because she was mute. One of the last times the girls saw each other in the orphanage was the day of the picnic. Shortly after the picnic Roberta's mother came to take her home, marking the first small fracture in their friendship. The next time they saw each other was years later in the restaurant that Twyla worked. Roberta acts coldly towards Roberta partly because she was high off of drugs, on her way to see a Jimi Hendrix concert. Twyla was deeply offended that her former best friend would treat her so badly. Twelve years later they meet again at a grocery store. Roberta married a rich man and was now called Mrs. Benson; she was dressed in dimonds and talked much nicer to Twyla. By this time, Twyla has one child and Roberta has four. Strangely, Roberta acts extremely friendly, like she has met her long lost best friend. Twyla can't hold back her emotions and questions Roberta about their last encounter at the restaurant. Roberta shrugs it off, "Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days: black?white. You know how everything was." A friendly goodbye and the women go their own separate ways again. The third time they meet is at the school where Roberta's kids attend. Roberta and the other mothers were picketing because they didn't want their kids to be segregated. This led to a fight that would be not resolved until Twyla and Roberta meet for a final time, severing any last chance of friendship for the women. The problem lies inside the hearts of two special women, two childhood friends, and two different races. "Recitatif" challenges the reader to not be judgmental toward of the either girls and accept their color. Morrison gives clues to encourage the reader to make assumptions about the girls' race. From the beginning the author asserts that one girl is black and one is white, but not which is which. There are many instances that Morrison uses things that are stereotypically"black" or "white," almost begging one to infer the race of each girl. Although there is no answer to the mystery, what one decides for himself/herself says something about his/her own ethnic background. Morrison thrives off the stereotypes people have set for blacks and whites. For example, Twyla's mother told her that "those" people smelled funny because they didn't wash their hair. This might suggest that Roberta was black because many black people don't wash their hair often. On the other hand she could have been talking about the orphans not bathing properly which could cause them to smell"funny." Everything seems to be a gray area. On the night of the picnic when her mother came to visit, Twyla was embarrassed because her mother was wearing"those tight green slacks that made her butt stick out." Many people have labeled blacks as generally having larger behinds then whites, so Morrison may have had this sort of implication in mind. Twyla's mother, therefore, could have been black. Of course, she could have been a heavy white woman